Indigenous Communities In Australia Health Health And Social Care Essay

Autochthonal communities in Australia are those communities that are said be the original dwellers of the Australian continent and the adjacent Islands. They are referred to as either Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders and do up merely 2.7 % of the Australian population. This community has diverse sub folks each exposing alone imposts, linguistic communication and civilization. Although the autochthonal community has lived longest in Australia, they are said to be the group that least enjoys proper wellness attention. The life anticipation among this group is 59.4 for work forces and 64.8 for work forces while maternal and child wellness attention bing in this community reflect that of the remainder of Australia during the 1920s.Although baby mortality has improved it is non the same as that reflected by remainder of Australia ( Barraclough, Gardener 50 ) . The greatest factor other than political relations that has been blamed for hapless proviso of wellness attention to the Aborigines is cultural chasm between the service supplier and the consumer. One must retrieve that the natives hold tight to their civilizations and their perceptual experiences on medical conditions are advised by their cultural beliefs. Traditional Aboriginal wellness theoretical accounts are determined by their â€Å" dreaming † patterns. Such theoretical accounts are holistic and both physical and mental unwellnesss are penned to the evildoing of any facet of jurisprudence. There forward those medical practitioneers who does non understand the beliefs of his Aboriginal patients might stop up being uneffective in their work Although the Australian authorities has for old ages attempted to supply better attention to the autochthonal community, it was n't until 1995 that a web of autochthonal wellness workers was formed in order to excite wellness attention activities. This web whose formation was facilitated by the â€Å" Australian Centre for Health publicity † helped in placing the preparation demands for those medical practitioneers working among the autochthonal communities and proviso of informed services to this community ( Funell, Koutoukidis and Lawrence117-119 ) . Through the Frame work for â€Å" Aboriginal and Torres Island Health partnership † , the Australian authorities has made a committedness to portion duties with the Aboriginal wellness practicians, provide long term support, just entree to wellness attention, and proviso of mainstream services that contribute to the betterment of Aboriginal wellness. It has besides committed itself towards the proviso of financess that are equal to the autochthonal people wellness jobs, credence of autochthonal services where mainstream wellness attention is unequal, better coordination of medicine activities among the Aborigines and the development of a proper information base to be used in supervising the wellness processes among this communities. Despite the authorities committedness, the Aboriginal societal constructions and autochthonal cognition and constructs is non clearly articulated in the Australian Policy on autochthonal wellness. The success of nurses within the wellness sector will depend on a model guided by recognition of diversenesss, regard and trust. In kernel there forward, apart from medical cognition for those working among the Aboriginals there is a demand for accent in accomplishments on development of trust, better communicating accomplishments advised from the civilization of the autochthonal people, understanding of 1s civilization and its differences with others, dialogue for patient ‘s information and understanding how civilization daze works. This attack will assist contend cases racial favoritism in infirmary where some nurses are treated incorrect by the patients or their co-workers due to different racial beginnings. The autochthonal wellness enterprises have led to constitution of webs and partnerships and diverse methods of conveying wellness publicity information. It has besides included input from the autochthonal communities in planning and execution of wellness plans and in preparation and production of resources needed for improved health care to this group. However there is a demand for a plan that will increase interaction with mainstream wellness sector for unvarying proviso of medical services. Report 2 – Health and illness issues related to immigrants Harmonizing to the ABS study of 1989 1 in every five Aussies was an immigrant. But the phenomenon is common in this continent which has welcomed Anglo-Celtic immigrant since 1788.Recently though there has been an inflow of immigrants from Asiatic and other European states. These Asians migrators and others who have troubles seting to the Australian manner of life are normally referred to as â€Å" cultural immigrant † . These people come from really different civilizations from that of Australians and their cultural perceptual experience has challenged the wellness sector in their intervention. The above challenges stem from hard in interaction with these cultural communities due to their cultural backgrounds and a concern with the happening of diseases particularly mental 1s among the refugee population. Studies into mental morbidity among the refugees has led to combative consequences since it depends on the psychiatrist diagnosing of the status and the challenge of depending on an translator. Surveies might wrongly attach incidences of mental unwellness to a certain cultural group yet some of theses happenings may hold been brought upon non by experiences at place but by the challenges of settling into a new society ( Lupton and Najman 145 ) . The complexness of understanding the wellness conditions of the immigrant population is farther explained by their societal economic stature. For case, in 1990 some of the 12000 Turks who migrated to Australia in the sixtiess were involved in a survey. More than half of the respondent claimed to be ailing and claimed to hold nervus jobs. Despite the ego studies, most of the unwell did n't travel to the infirmary and those who visited Turkish head-shrinkers were given drugs without diagnosing. This survey found out that the members of the Turkish community had mental conditions because they came from a really different cultural background and had small or no occupation accomplishments and so they took up the most unsafe occupations while most suffered from unemployment. Where alternate methods other than drugs were used to handle the psychiatric illnesses the jobs drastically reduced. This means that one has to understand the specific social-economic dynamic to manage a medical job am ong the immigrant communities in Australia ( Lupton and Najman 153 ) . Further, when managing medical instances among the immigrants, one must see the beliefs and patterns of an cultural group. Whatever the promotion in western medical specialty, impression of wellness attention are culturally variable. For case in Hong Kong rubeolas are considered by some groups non as a disease but as an inevitable, natural and necessary happening yet the Australian wellness sector considers it unsafe. The immigrants are being educated on the right medical perceptual experiences. The appropriate behaviour of ill individuals besides varies among the migrator groups. For case, Greeks are really demonstrative with their hurting and refer to their ligament, musculuss and sinews as nervousnesss. Such a patient require a batch of attending and apprehension. The authorities has hence had the challenge of educating the immigrant groups in abandoning their â€Å" common people † theoretical accounts in order to accomplish effectual intervention. Never the less one must be careful to explicate the diversenesss in the western redress so as to avoid jobs where some groups like the Vietnamese believe so much in the ‘Western injection ‘ such that they do n't believe in the effectivity of other effectual agencies like tablets. Despite the above cultural perceptual experiences among the immigrant there has been a conjunct attempt among medical practicians to understand them. There is a nevertheless a demand for cautiousness on how one uses the cultural information in disposal of medical attention. Report 3 – Principles of best pattern, quality confidence and accreditation related to nursing and Australian wellness attention system The traditional methods of quality confidence in the wellness sector focused on diagnosing and intervention of diseases and searched for error in wellness service bringing. But the recent decennaries have brought alterations in the Australian wellness system where best patterns are measured in footings of bar of diseases and publicity of good wellness. Such alterations have been inspired by the happening of a more knowing consumer who demands commensurate attention for his wellness jobs. It has besides been brought by the technological alterations taking topographic point and statute law that favor better wellness attention. The demand for quality control in the wellness sector in Australia has been precedented by the consumer demand for quality services and it ‘s the duty of the medical attention supplier to afford him that. In 1994, the â€Å" Australian Council for Health Care Standards ( ACHS ) † gave a statement called the â€Å" charter for Change † . This documented indicate how the council was to map in the hereafter. In 1995-96, the council formed a squad that would confer with with the wellness attention sector on in development of a ‘Quality Improvement plan ‘ ( EQuIP ) that would move as a usher to the proposed alterations. EQuIP set criterions for sanctioned medical criterions and by 1997 it had become a nationally and international accreditation programmed for Health bureaus in Australia. Accreditation by ACHS is concerned with a clinical reappraisal of direction and the consequences of wellness attention services. It besides gauges the use capacities of disposal and all the sections supplying services. Based on study that is written after the study, a wellness attention supplier might have a ACHS accredition.But an organisation has to run into a certain standard before it gets the accreditation ( Funnell, Koutoudis and Lawrence 64 ) . ACHS criterions are famed for confer withing with and affecting the wellness attention sector in the development of their criterions. It covers infirmaries, nursing places, Day surgery units, community services and bureaus and any other wellness organisations. There are 900 infirmaries and wellness attention who had been accredited to ACHS by 2007.The criterions addresses the issues of continuum in proviso of wellness attention and infrastructural criterions of the wellness attention system. The continuum aspect screen consumers needs runing from entree of wellness attention services, entry, appraisal, attention planning, proviso of attention, rating, separation and community attention while the substructure criterions, cover the major administrative maps. The Australian Medical system has farther embraced â€Å" Continuous Quality betterment † at work topographic point and it involves ; edifice of consciousness where the key clients and procedure involved are identified, the development of a general CQI plan that defines ends, deployment or execution of the plan and eventually full integrating of the system in the wellness attention sector ( Harris 397 ) . Changes in the Health attention system have encouraged medical professional like the nurses to originate a figure of wellness attention alterations since they are progressively going aware of the powerful part they can do in act uponing the restructuring of the wellness sector in Australia. Health attention statute law has given them the political dentition to organize anteroom groups and exert force per unit area so that the alterations are antiphonal to the overall demands of the society. In add-on medical professional in Australia take portion in clinical audits so as to mensurate the effectivity of their patterns. This audit patterns go on within the National Health Service and its an built-in portion of clinical administration ( Courtney and Mc Cutcheon, 115 ) In decision, the Australian wellness attention has been motivated by intelligent client and the handiness of resources to run into the present and future wellness jobs in development of quality wellness attention system. However, the system give best consequences when the Health attention directors demonstrate to her staff that observation of quality is a demand demanded from all. Work Cited Barraclough, Simon and Gardner, Heather. Analyzing wellness policy: a problem-oriented attack. Elsevier Australia, 2007. Courtney, Mary and McCutcheon, Helen. Using Evidence to Guide nursing pattern. Elsevier Australia, 2009 Funnell, Rita. , Koutoukidis, Gabby and Lawrence Karen.Tabbner ‘s Nursing Care: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Australia, 2008. Harris, Mary G. Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice. Elsevier Australia, 2005 Lupton Gillian M. and Najman Jakob M. Sociology of Health and Illness: Australian Readings. Palgrave Macmillan Australia, 1995

Obesity and Pregnancy Essay

Have you ever leisurely walked down an isle at Target and noticed a pregnant women waddling from side to side and thought to yourself man she is fat? Well she really is. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and increased health problems. Maternal obesity is a major risk factor in short term for both maternal and fetal complications, including maternal and fetal mortality, miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, marcrosomia and caesarean sections. A baby could be affected by these tragic events up until the age of 18. This rise of the obesity rate has a devastating impact on implications for the nation’s health care system and the population’s future quality of life. The normal weight for women is (BMI 19. 8– 25. 9), (BMI 26– 29) for overweight women and a BMI over 30 is considered obese. BMI is known as Body Mass Index, which is a number calculated based on weight and height. Pregnant women gain excess weight due to the lack of exercise. The majority of women do not know that they can continue exercising at least three times per week during pregnancy. Women should be more informed about everything they should and should not do during their pregnancy. The most common type of exercise for pregnant women is walking. Gardening, aerobics, and usage of exercise machines are also means of exercising. Exercise also has many other beneficial health effects such as reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers as well as improved quality of life and emotional status1. If you conceived the child then why not exercise instead of a chance at miscarrying it? A pregnant woman’s diet is an essential part of her pregnancy. times out of 10, a pregnant woman constantly hears from her peers that she needs to eat more since she is eating for two. We forget the fact that she could potentially become obese. From a doctor’s standpoint, he should take the initiative to urge the mother not to go overboard with eating. Both mother and baby need a balanced diet full of varied fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, unsaturated plant-based fats, fiber and calcium. Refined grains, most processed foods and foods high in sugar and saturated fats should be avoided. The development of the baby’s organs and bones depend on obtaining sufficient nutrients from the mother. Despite the fact that pregnant women do not need to become obese they also do not need to diet during pregnancy. Maternal obesity is associated with an overall higher rate of labor induction, which requires higher oxytocin and prostaglandin doses than for women of normal BMI. Oxytocin is responsible for stimulation of milk ejection (milk letdown) and for stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction at birth. Prostaglandins are important mediators of uterine activity. It is very common for an obese woman to have a cesarean section instead of a natural pregnancy. Obese women are two to three times more likely to have an emergency cesarean due to factors such as a large baby or failure to progress. Why would you want to go through the agony of getting cut open like a dissected pig when it isn’t necessary? Maternal overweight and diabetes (gestational and type 2) has repeatedly been associated with a number of delivery complications, which includes prolonged birth, birth asphyxia, shoulder dystocia, injuries to the baby and the mother, increased use of instrumental vaginal deliveries and cesarean sections, and postpartum hemorrhaging2. Some long-term effects are also associated with obesity in pregnancy such as an increased risk of having diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. During pregnancy, serum markers of inflammation are raised in overweight and obese women when compared with their normal BMI counterparts2. Other problems during pregnancy also link with chronic inflammation. Cord blood from babies born to obese mothers also has lower mean vitamin D concentrations when compared to those born of women with normal BMI. A fetus depends on maternal skin exposure for activation of vitamin D, but if the mother is obese then it is likely that she is vitamin D deficient. There is consequently significant scientific evidence to support the requirement for maternal vitamin D sufficiency in pregnancy for normal development of the fetal brain and skeleton. Folate deficiency is also common in obese pregnant women. Folate deficiency in the general pregnant population is associated with an increased risk for fetal neural tube defect, and this risk is reduced by the use of pre-conceptual folate2. Data from the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey showed that among the women who gained more than the recommended weight during pregnancy, greater than 30% retained an average of 2. 5 kgs at 10 to 18 months postpartum as opposed to retention of 1 kg among women who gained at the recommended level1. If women are encouraged to keep weight off during their pregnancy then they won’t have to face obesity postpartum. Researchers are still in the process of finding other ways to prevent obesity during pregnancy such as efficient ways to diet. Provision of weight management services to advise and educate regarding obesity-associated obstetric risk and weight optimization prior to conception is strongly recommended2. One thing that women would not normally categorize as such a big issue is regularly monitoring their blood pressure, which would be a start of becoming a healthy mother. Screening for gestational diabetes, using a 75 g OGTT, should be undertaken in all women with BMI 30 kg/m 2 between 24 and 28 weeks gestation2. No women should want to look and feel as fat as an elephant. Therefore, it is beneficial to continue physical activity after having a baby. The measurement of psychosocial attributes in the postpartum period has largely focused on postpartum depression and social support, with little attention to the role these and other psychosocial factors may play in health behaviors associated with weight retention and activity3. During pregnancy, some women are distressed about their weight and think they have a negative body image. Some say that they feel as if they are as big as a house. Postpartum depression has received much attention among clinicians because 10-16% of women meet diagnostic criteria for major depression. Women with excessive pregnancy weight gain (>20? kg) gain up to 10. Â ±2. 1? kg of adipose tissue4. If a woman plans on having another child after being obese during the first pregnancy then she will most likely be obese during her second pregnancy. One would not believe something so detrimental to your health, such as a smoker continuing to smoke during pregnancy would produce no weight gain. It is astounding that those who don’t smoke could gain more than those who do. The Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study on 1423 women concluded that, apart from pregnancy weight gain, only smoking cessation can be considered as a predictor for persistent weight gain after 1 year postpartum4. Lactation is known as something to facilitate weight loss after pregnancy. Production of milk is an energy-requiring process and has been calculated to increase energy requirements by ~ 500? kcal per day4. This is due to the fact that the net efficiency of milk synthesis in women is high. Weight changes after delivery are dependent on factors other than lactation status. Sarah Leigh, a 30-year-old obese pregnant mother, found out she had gestational diabetes. Sarah was very self-conscious about this situation and does not wish to report anything other than her name and age. She describes the daunting changes she had to make in her day-to-day lifestyle. Sarah Leigh had to check her blood sugar levels up to six times a day. The sugary sweets that Sarah Leigh usually enjoyed would now have to be cut out altogether. There would be no chocolate and fruit even had to be eaten in moderation. Even though Sarah Leigh made the changes to her diet, her blood levels were still high and she had to be put on medication to control the diabetes. Sarah Leigh explained how even though she felt deprived of all her favorite foods she feels healthier. Sarah enjoys her new lifestyle of eating a wide variety of foods. As long as she eats in moderation then her blood sugars remain balanced. Sarah talked about how there were times when she just wanted to taste a chocolate bar, but she knew that she and the baby were better off without it. Sarah would like to express to everyone that if they feel they have a slight chance of having gestational diabetes to go to your doctor immediately. The sooner it is treated then mother and the child are in better shape. Behavioral interventions, such as advising women of the recommended weight gain ranges, and promoting healthy dietary intake and regular exercise during the prenatal and postpartum periods may prove important in preventing obesity and the related health problems later in life. People should keep in mind that body weight tends to increase with age, irrespective of whether women have children or not. A pregnancy should be carefully planned. Two lives are at stake instead of one.

Case management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case management - Assignment Example Creating such an institution requires massive financial resources to build the physical structure and procure equipments. The second step is to have a team of various professionals to run the program (Master and Taniguchi, 2006). Nurses should be available to coordinate the program as they are well versed with the care of patients and the skills to make clinical decisions. There are instances when the institution requires advanced medical expertise and the nurses` skills might be limited. In such cases, another team of specialized professionals are hired in order to cater for specific disabilities faced by the children. An example in this case is a child with autism. A medical expert who specializes in autism will have to be hired. The other group of workers central to the program is social workers. This team will have to be hired to coordinate the social needs of the family, specifically the patient when they are out of the program. A team of educational providers ought to be put in place in order to teach the family all things pertaining to child disability. Acquiring the needed funds to kick start the case management program is one of the key milestones which should be solved. The initiators of the project can convince the government to extend financial aid to the program as it is mainly a social welfare initiative. This can be achieved by writing proposals of detailed case management program to government officials such as the governor and the senators. The case manager can apply for coverage under the umbrella of Medicaid and Medicare (Master and Taniguchi, 2006). Another approach is to use lobbyists to present the case to the government. Several economists on the other hand have insisted that the government should be spared the burden of business in order to maintain the ideals of capitalism. In that case, the proprietors of the case management program should invite the private sector players to invest in the project. They can

Issues Faced in Choosing and During a Career and its Remedies Research Paper

Issues Faced in Choosing and During a Career and its Remedies - Research Paper Example It talks about the very prominent issue which bars the intelligentsia of the country from taking part in the employment in the education sector, i.e the low salaries of teachers and how this trend can be reversed and the teachers can be given their lost glory and respect. A convocation day is by far the proudest and the happiest moment in one’s life after spending four, long, arduous years in university. Wearing my best Marks & Spencer suit and my favourite maroon tie, I stood in front of the six foot long mirror in my room and took a sigh of relief. My four years in the Carnegie Melon University lived up to the stereotypes and the general idea formed about life in university. I could say with sheer confidence and veracity that it certainly was not the best time of my life but yet again it was the most important one. I learnt about the League of Nations, the Second World War, and the Cold War and most importantly, I knew each and every single clause of the Treaty of Versailles , by heart and I was proud about it. As I received my degree, I puffed up, widened my chest and filled it with air. After many sleepless nights of hard work, utter zeal, zest and dedication and back breaking studies, I held an undergraduate degree in World History, with honors. The ride back home was a rather unusual one. Never in my life, had I contemplated about anything, with such concentration. My father was of the view that by majoring in World History, I had wasted my life and I should pursue a degree in some other, practical field which could get me a decent job with recognition. My mother thought that I might end up procrastinating and doing nothing, hence wasting myself after getting the degree and I had no idea what to do, yet I pondered over and over. Choosing a career, in the society, where I grew up and come from, is as difficult as breaking a concrete wall with bare hands. And so was the case for me. Even though, I did have an undergraduate degree, I did not know where I wanted to go in life. This had made my life even more ambiguous, frustrating and often there were times when I felt purpose less and unwanted, though I totally knew that this attitude would end up making me suicidal. Such was the extent that by then end of the so called brainstorming process I started I did not know what my strengths were; I had forgotten what my weaknesses were. I also could not figure out what was important to me, job satisfaction or earning a handsome amount of salary, nor could I ascertain the living standards I wanted, despite dreaming of living as a prince and driving a Mercedes S320, after graduating from college. â€Å"Socio-cultural factors exert strong influences on individuals' career choices in Pakistan. There are powerful norms around what economic roles individuals can or cannot perform based on their wealth, education, caste and gender. By and large, Pakistani society is averse to manual work and jobs involving manual labor and hard work are consi dered undesirable. Such perceptions are particularly strong among the relatively wealthy and educated, who prefer ‘clean jobs’ (desk-based, clerical, supervisory or administrative positions). It has often been observed that

Recommendation Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recommendation Report - Case Study Example Investigation is done by conducting a survey on a selected group of workers based on which recommendations are made. The survey was done on a certain group of employees that included both Production Workers and White Collar Workers. The outcome and the recommendations are made based on the employee response. About 63% of the production workers and 82% of the white collar workers think that the drug testing should be done right when the employees are hired. The response suggests that maximum number of the employees want that the drug testing should be done before employment is given. There was a mixed response among the employees when they were asked for random testing. Very few that are about 16% of the production workers and 42% of the white collar workers feel that it is right. The response suggests that the workers do not support the proposal of random testing. The reason may be that they feel some may escape due to this type of random sampling. Hence this may not be an effective method of testing the usage of illegal drug. About 46% of the production workers and 39% of the white collar workers feel that drug testing should be done at the time of physical examination or upon returning to work. This response suggests that the employees are not giving so much importance to the drug testing during physical examination. When asked about drug testing after the employee has met an accident, about 31% of the production workers and 30% of the white collar workers supported the suggestion and said yes to it. But since the response was less than 50% so it can be assumed that the plan may not work. This step was highly appreciated by the employees. About 62% of the Production workers and 72% of the white collar workers feel that this step should be executed. Majority of the workers say yes to implementation of the policy. However 12% and 4% of the production and white collar workers respectively

Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Negotiation - Essay Example Frank Hu, the partner was located in CA at the time. He is a 40-year-old IT engineer with a great background of people resources in the area. His role was to act as a bridge between the CA clients and us, located in TX. In the deal, Frank’s primary job was to organize Seminars. This covered arrangement of location, advertising and general contacts. With this limited responsibility, Frank was happy with 20% share on each closed house deal based on 3% commission of sales price, plus 50% share cost on all business expenses for Advertising and Seminars. My team leader – Lady M, chose me to play her primary role, and gave me the charge of the investing department and the authority to deal with Frank. I was quick learner, and was able to lead the negotiations with confidence in a matter of two months. My primary duties were Seminar hosting, Real Estate tour trips, sales and buying, house leasing, and also rental management between investors and tenants. It was a 24/7 job and I was able to learn a lot and survived though unlimited multi-tasking. My own share percentage with Lady M was 1/3 of sales price in each closed transaction plus 50% of any bonuses from new home builders on top of deals. It sounded great in compare with my work. Monthly volume at the time was a minimum of 6 seminars in CA, with average of 10 or more closures. Besides we got 10 -15 rental houses on the market, and the cumulative number of housing management started from 50 from when I joined the business. It was exhausting work but the compensation was worth the effort. Indeed I thought my life could not be more perfect and tougher, until the unexpected happened. One day in winter, Frank and his wife secretly flied into Dallas for a private meeting with me. On the dinner table at my home, Frank started off with remarks that Lady M, who had not been neither involved nor devoted to any efforts all this time, skimmed off

Reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflective report - Essay Example Postoperative anxiety is to be expected for these patients, and nurses and other health practitioners within the surgical ward are tasked with educating the patient about the surgery, providing emotional support, and reducing the emotional impact of the surgical procedure. Some of the other patients in the surgical ward are also undergoing postoperative care. Postoperative care for these patients include pain management, monitoring of vital signs, monitoring for bleeding, and monitoring for infection. In the case of the patient subject of this reflection, the patient is a 55 year old female patient who has recently undergone thyroidectomy. She is married, with 3 children, and has worked as a school teacher for 35 years. Six months ago she first noticed that there was a lump at her throat area. She ignored it at first, but four months prior to the surgery, the lump seemed to get bigger. Upon seeking medical consult, she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. This caused her goitre. After a month of treatment, her goitre continued to enlarge. Hence the thyroidectomy was scheduled. Post-operative pain medications were ordered for the patient by his attending surgeon. In this case, the controlled drug morphine was ordered. The patient registered pain levels on the scale of 1-10 (with 10 being the most severe) at 9/10. The pain was localized at the incision site at her throat area and she described it as a throbbing and persistent pain. She also registered pain when she would move. The administration of the morphine managed to reduce the pain levels to 3/10. Additional pain management included guided imagery where the patient was asked to picture pleasant scenarios as a means of distracting herself from the pain that she was feeling. I also checked the incision site for signs of bleeding and infection. I also monitored her blood pressure and vital signs. Her blood pressure as well as vital signs remained within normal levels within the postoperative period. The adminis tration of the morphine Oramorph SR was orally through a tablet every 12 hours. Based on hospital policy, no more than 2 tablets were administered to the patient within a 24 hour period. Morphine was also not administered when necessary as per hospital policy. An order by the attending physician was necessary before morphine could be administered. The nurses are required to instruct patients not to chew the tablets before swallowing because it can cause the release of the drug into the body all at once, possibly causing serious health issues, in some cases, death. The patient’s mouth was also washed after each administration. I was also asked to check for side or adverse effects of the drug, including: dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, dry mouth, headache, confusion, stiff muscles, mood changes, chills, and flu symptoms. More serious symptoms requiring immediate medical care included slow or irregular breathing, bluish coloration to the ski n, fast or slow heartbeat, seizures, hallucinations, blurred vision, hives, and rashes. Section 2 While caring for this patient, I was able to learn more about the protocols in the administration of the controlled drug morphine. The learning was able to emphasize the importance of understanding the application and use of controlled drugs, especially those used for pain relief (Hardwick, 2009). The

Rita and Sue Escaping Constraints of Class and Gender Backgrounds Essay

Rita and Sue Escaping Constraints of Class and Gender Backgrounds - Essay Example As the paper outlines the next scene is Sue and Rita going to Bob’s house to baby-sit. Also early in the firm, Sue works for a taxi company where she meets Aslam. Again these depict the feminine response to the changing economic and social circumstances of the period. Instead of females staying at home and males going out to work, Rita and Sue are escaping the traditional gender expectation that they assume domestic roles. In another scene, Sue derides Aslam. She first insinuates that being Pakki or Asian is beneath her class, and then makes up her mind that since Aslam is a man he’d probably be no different from all other men, which passes judgment on the growing emasculation of the males of her time. The use of profanity throughout the film is another form of escape. Vulgar language is freely used by males and females alike. For the females, use of such language is gender freedom from previous eras when men silence women. The girls’ sauciness is also a form of rebellion against conformity, an underclass characteristic which have tends to prevent its members from rising above their class.

The Perception of Character and the Dangers of Trust Research Paper

The Perception of Character and the Dangers of Trust - Research Paper Example There are many instances in history where acts that might seem immoral were committed by moral individuals, thus redefining them as moral obligations to a higher cause. These incidents are specifically defined by the person who committed them over the nature of the actions themselves. Darwall suggests that is possible that there are a universally accepted set of moral laws through which a person is then obligated to respond (1). However, the problem with the simplicity of this assertion is that the morals and ethics of a culture will change the defining characteristics of a person. One who lived in ancient Rome, for instance, will have different point of view on the value of all human life than will someone who lives in contemporary society. Morality and ethics are relative to place and time, despite the idea that they are defined by a general human experience. As an example, Thomas Jefferson owned 200 slaves at one point thinking they were a valuable investment (Douglas 61). In our current time period it is considered morally reprehensible to consider owning another human being. However, despite this fact, Thomas Jefferson is seen in history as a moral man. This in no way negates the validity of the theory. It does, however, change the way in which the theory can be approached when examining the considerations that are relevant to the theory. In the example of Thomas Jefferson, he once declared in court while representing a young African American man who was seeking his freedom that â€Å"Under the law of nature, all men are born free, and every one comes into the world with the right to his own person, which includes the liberty moving it and using it as his own will† (Douglas 61). Despite his beliefs, he owned slaves. According to Douglas many of the young revolutionaries of the time both believed in the innate freedom of all men and participated in owning slaves (61).

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Business Law - Essay Example For Leighton Industries the amount of consideration was the specific brand of steel requested. For Callier Steel, the consideration must have been the amount of money included in the invoice. The two companies are of contractual capacity (Richards, 22). Thus a valid and binding contract existed between the two parties. The next step will be to find out if the two companies met their contractual obligations under the contract and if their contractual rights under the sale of goods contracts were mutually respected. A contract is normally considered as an act of good faith that is free from any ill intent from the contracting parties. An act of misrepresentation constitutes a vitiating element in a contract. The representation must be inaccurate, misleading or untrue (Richards, 78). The representee must have reasonably relied on the misrepresentation and the damages that he suffered must be as a result of this reliance as was the case in Andrews Vs Mockford (1986). By delivering a wrong brand of steel, Callier Steel would be liable for innocent, fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation that breached the contractual obligation of good faith. By obtaining leaking furnaces as a result of the wrong brand of steel that was delivered, Leighton suffered damages which the court must remedy. Leighton

Change and Culture Essay Example for Free

Change and Culture Essay To adjust to greater competition and pressures of obtaining increased organizational efficiency and cost containment, many organizations have begun to examine strategies related to restructuring and downsizing to maintain organizational viability. These processes have included mergers and acquisitions, and redefining occupational roles of workers within the organization. Consequently, successful management of the structural change process can be daunting and overwhelming if not handled in an organized and thoughtful process. Those who are responsible for the process must recognize the barrier that may be hindrances to conception and implementation of the change process These barriers include: (a) lack of concise and coordinated planning/goals, (b) resistance to change within the organizational workforce, (c) failure to consistently evaluate the progress of the proposed change within context of the entire system, and adjust methodology as necessary. Thus, in order to achieve a balance between achieving organizational goals and addressing the uncertainty that may occur in the workforce, organizational leaders are tasked with the responsibilities of finding creative means to facilitate the mandated objectives while at the same time finding vehicles to maintain adequate levels of employee satisfaction and productivity in order to facilitate the ability to service their respective consumer base. It is the purpose of this paper to re-examine the fictional organization created in the week number four Culture Case Study I, and determine the means to facilitate a redesign in workforce brought on by a mandated reduction in work force. This paper will examine the concept of the universal worker as part of the proposed redesign, with further evaluation of the communications and organizational process that will have to be implemented in order to facilitate successful achievement of administrative goals and employee adoption of their new roles. Case Study In an attempt to achieve increased cost containment, six months after the merger of Charles Drew and Florence Nightingale Hospitals, the managerial hierarchy has proposed a significant reduction in workforce. Subsequently, a decision was made that the best way to facilitate continued safe patient care was to redesign the patient care delivery workforce. As recommended by the administration, the initial proposal for redesign was that of the universal worker. As understood, the paradigm of the universal worker would allow remaining employees to be cross trained in different job duties; thus, allowing more flexibility in staffing and personnel assignments (web. Answers. com, 2011). Through examination and implementation of the concepts of the universal worker, along with consideration of other strategies, the thought is that assigning additional duties to remaining personnel would allow continued adequate delivery of many support services. Past experiences in attempt to implement this type of change has proven to be met with resistance by personnel, and difficult to implement when introduced at other organizations; nevertheless, the administration has charged the mid-level management team with successful achievement of the proposed redesign in order to meet organizational objectives. The Change Process When beginning the process of job redesign within this organization, it will be important for those who are responsible for implementation of the change to understand the overall mission and goals of the organization and the global ramification of the change within the institution. It will be important to understand that a change in one area can have either a positive or negative impact on other areas within the organization (Leadership and Motivational Training, 2012). Thus, in viewing the potential upheaval that a reduction in workforce can create, and the subsequent potential for feelings of job insecurity that may be experienced by the remaining workforce, it will be important to allay these fears and allow enhanced empowerment of employees being affected by this process. This can be facilitated through inclusion of employees in the redesign process (i. e. implementation of work teams) and establishment of clear channels of communication within the system. Managing this process of job redesign and change can be successfully implemented through the initiation of a defined process to guide the change and an assigned change leadership team (Resnick, 2012). Through this process not only will the affected employees be allowed to have input to the process that will affect the their individual stake in the organization, they will also have the opportunity to implement substantial and lasting change for the overall system and the culture of then organization. As described by Peter Senge in his postulates regarding organizational culture, this inclusion, empowerment and open communication among those in leadership and front-line employees will work to facilitate what he described as the learning organization and systems thinking (Smith, 2001). Inclusion of work teams into the change process, and the subsequent implementation of the cross training of employees into various departmental roles, the concept of the universal worker among the care provision staff will allow the reshaping of the organization into one that has the flexibility to adapt to the rapid change that may be incurred, and foster an atmosphere of collegiality – where people are continually learning to see the whole together (Smith, 2001). Measuring Processes and Expectations Post Redesign  Once the redesign process has been completed it will be very important to implement measures to review the process of performance and if the predetermined goals of the change are being met. Since employees will potentially be relied on to increase performance and acquire additional employment duties, it will be important to examine how the implementation of change will impact employee satisfaction. It can be said that if an organization can meet the need for a satisfying work environment, then the employee will have a greater propensity to be more motivated and productive. As a consequence the satisfaction will have a greater correlation to improved outcomes and patient satisfaction. Examination of outcomes can be achieved through the â€Å"utilization of the creation of a balanced scoreboard-or dashboard- of the key internal and external measures that provide a comprehensive view of the organizations performance, with as much insight as possible regarding the implication of the change for the future† (Resnick, 2012). Examples of these tools could include utilization of employee satisfaction surveys, provision of strategically placed employee eedback boxes to solicit employee input to parameters for ongoing improvement, and implementation of employee councils to examine how to best meet the needs for improving overall workplace satisfaction and employee morale. With completion of the tools for review of performance, the organization will have a balanced understanding as to how the implementation of the job redesign has impacted organizational goals and desired outcomes -i. e. decreased attrition rates of employees, decreased sick leave utilized, increased patient safety and patient satisfaction scores – (Ugboro, 2006) . Creation of a Learning Organization As the paradigm begins to change in the organization, and implementation of change becomes manifest within the organization, it will be important to foster structures that will provide for a cohesive and well-rounded workforce. As a result, it will be important that all employees have a thorough understanding of what is meant by a learning organization, and how this concept will be imperative e to the ongoing success of current and future change. As described by Peter Senge, the learning organization can be viewed as a structural environment in which the employee is empowered to create the outcomes that they truly desire. In this type of environment, the employee is allowed the room of creativity to redefine not only themselves within their organizational role, but also the organization itself. This paradigm shift differs from the previous downstream constricted organizational structures in that it moves the process for acquiring new organizational traits and skills from learning a means of survival to one that embraces learning that enhances the capacity to create and innovate (Smith, 2001). As such, this paradigm allows progress of the employee to have a greater role in obtaining self-actualization through growth of objectively understanding how change and the end-results of proposed change will affect the organization and the system as a whole. Additionally, it changes the view of management from one of overseer, to one of fostering learning opportunities and helping employees develop systemic understanding (Smith, 2001). In relation to the mandated job restructuring that will take place within this merged organization this change will be facilitated through the creation of interdisciplinary teams of care providers that will comprise the teams that will be responsible for the redesign of the care delivery model. In context of the proposed reduction of staff, it can be assumed that the employees affected by the ensuing change will be instrumental in facilitating this change if allowed to be part of the redesign of priorities and duties. Consequently, with each group bringing their individual and collective spheres of knowledge, there will facilitation of the exchange of ideas, expansion of personal mastery, enhancement of mental models, and a building of a shared vision. All of which are characteristic of the described learning organization. In this case, enactment of the concept to the universal worker will require cross training of employees into potentially new areas of responsibility, or areas in which personal mastery has not been achieved. As such, training can be perceived by employees as a measure of the organizations commitment to them. Subsequently, training is one of the most powerful vehicles for an organization to create change. As stated by Resnick (2012), â€Å"First, it builds alignment to the desired change. Second, it provides individuals with the knowledge and skills to implement the change. Third, it creates the opportunity for cross-functional communication in the implementation of company-wide initiatives†. As this process evolves, management can ensure that continual educational opportunities exist for employees to grow technically and professionally in their respective duties. As these opportunities are allowed, evaluation of individual mastery should be evaluated and opportunities for individual employees to become mentors or resources for fellow employees should be encouraged. By facilitation of this process of collaborative self-management, satisfaction within the process will be enhanced and peer-to-peer sharing can take place. This will allow greater cohesiveness among the teams and a greater sense of inclusion among all team members. As stated by Smith (2001), â€Å"when teams learn together, not only can there be good results for the organization, members will grow more rapidly than could have occurred otherwise†. Measurement of Individual Satisfaction Measurement of individual employee satisfaction can be facilitated through many means. Standard traditional measurement tools could include employee surveys, employee feedback solicitation, and input gained during annual performance reviews. Although these means may allow the management team to gain greater insight to employee satisfaction with change, they are primarily founded in anecdotal response, and may be difficult of quantify. Thus, alternative measurements of satisfaction can be employed. These include monitoring of employee retention rates, review of utilization unscheduled employee leave, and patient provided satisfaction surveys. As indicated by Plowman (2009), â€Å"many studies suggest that the cost of turnover is on-and-a-half times an employee’s salary, when considering recruitment, selection, and training costs. Therefore, to monetarily measure the impacts of reduced turnover, one can calculate the expected cost of replacing employees who chose not to leave as a result of increased employee satisfaction†. Furthermore, enhanced patient satisfaction and outcomes may have a direct correlation to enhanced satisfaction in that increased individual productivity may be a sign of an employee who has taken ownership of his or her role in relation to change. Conclusion In today’s environment of organizational change, and redefining of traditional job functions and roles, it is imperative to create new paradigms within the organizational structure. Along with the changing responsibilities for employees, management must provide the means to promote atmospheres of renewed learning and assist the empowerment of employees in actualizing the larger systemic needs of the organization, and their role in the facilitation of making lasting change. Successful implementation of these concepts, along with meeting the needs for maintaining employee fulfillment and satisfaction will be essential for the economic longevity of all business organizations that provide essential services to the public.

PESTEL analysis and diamond theory of Cambodia

PESTEL analysis and diamond theory of Cambodia As a result of a worldwide competition being global is becoming more important for the companies. One good cause for the endless competition according to Daniels Radebaugh (1998) is that the global market is not large enough for all the companies. Anderson et al (1998) argue that the internationalisation is being more important due to borderless world. According to Daniels and Radebaugh (1998), there are several reasons for organisations to enter the global market today. The very first reason for going global is to expand sales. Sales dependent on two major factors: consumers interest in goods and services and the willingness or ability to buy those products. If theres a match of those two factors outside their home country, companies can get higher sale going global. Second factor is to acquire resources, when there is lack or inadequate resource in the home country; companies tend to move into global arena where they can seek out resources which can also help them reduce cost and getting competitive advantage. Third but not the least is for minimising the risk, diversifying sources of sales and suppliers by operating in different countries and different business cycles, helps businesses to reduce swings in sales and profit. Sales always decrease or dont grow much in a country that is in recession and sales increases in one that i s economically expanding. Example of Nestle in early 2000 shows that their sales was sluggish in Western Europe and United States but the growth in Asian, Eastern European and Latin American market was quite fast. Being in Apparel Industry of USA, it is very essential to do some research and study for finding out which country to select or which country is much better for the industry to operate smoothly and can give good returns. There are two known environmental factors which can affect the company, Internal and External. Internal environmental factor, to some extent can be controlled by the company being a internal one whereas the external environmental factors cant be controlled by the company itself. Such factors under external environment are Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Technological and Legal. So before selecting any country, it is necessary for conducting study on the various external environmental factors that may affect the company or can make negative impact. We have been proposed two different countries Turkey and Cambodia, where the Apparel Industry wants to expand its footprint. In order to get a clear picture for selecting the best country that is much suitable for expa nsion, PESTLE analysis and Diamond Analysis are more helpful strategic management tools we have that provides useful framework to analyze the environmental pressure on business. PEST Analysis of Cambodia POLITICAL LEGAL: Cambodia is one the developing countries of South East Asia, having constitutional monarchy with a multi party democracy and an elected government. No party got the proper majority in the elections held in July 2008, hence formed a coalition government. The constitution written in 1993 helped the country for a stable political environment in comparison of past decades of war and internal strife. Diplomatic relations with most countries have been established including the US. Cambodia has a membership of most major international organisations like UN, ASEAN, ADB, IMF, The World Bank and WTO. US-Cambodian bilateral relations have been deepened and broadened in past years. US has helped the country nearly $62 million through various USAID mission welfare programs. Economic: Cambodia has a GDP (2009) of $10.8 billion, Per Capita GDP (2009) of $731 and inflation (2009) of 4.5%. Garment, Textile and shoe manufacturing, rice milling, tobacco, fisheries and fishing, wood and wood products, cement, rubber, papers and food processing are major industrial sector of the country which hold 21.7% of GDP (2009 est.). Country has been able to export worth $3.9 billion in 2009 to its major partners like US, UK, Germany, Singapore, Japan etc. and has imported fuel, cigarette, vehicles, consumer goods, machinery worth $5.4 billion (2009).Sound macroeconomic policies, political stability, regional economic growth and government openness (100% share holding FDIs allowed) towards the investment has attracted growing number of investors, due to which FDI has increased 12 fold since 2004. Garment and tourism are the key industry which drove the countrys economy having sustainable 10% growth during 2004-2007. In 2009 during global recession, it was near zero, but i s considered that it will gain the momentum again in 2010. Infrastructure are not adequate, however road networks are improving rapidly. Corruption and lack of legal protection for investors are the two main reasons which may hamper economic opportunity and competitiveness. Socio-Cultural: Population of Cambodia (2008 census) is 13.4 million and 95% of those have faith in Theravada Buddhism and rest Islam, Christian etc. Country is a mixture of 90% Cambodians, 5% Vietnamese, 1% Chinese and others 4% ethnic groups. Cambodia has a literacy rate (2007) of 75.1% and Khmer is a first language spoken by 95% of population and English is increasing as a second language. Cambodians mainly eat rice and fish and they are known for silk and cotton weaving, silver work, silver and gold jewellery and basketry. Garment industries mostly comprise of female employees and the labour cost is very low $ 50 80 per month (NPRS PRF article). Turkey has the labour force (2003 est) of 7 million. Police and judicial systems are believed to be corrupt. Technology: Cambodia is way behind in their technological sector. As most of the FDIs have entered the country, they have also brought their own technology with them, so possibility of spill-over of the technological knowledge to the country can be seen. PEST Analysis of Turkey Political Legal: Turkey is a large and republic country having democratic, secular and parliamentary government system. Its first constitution was written in 1982 and was amended in 1987, 1995, 2001 and 2007. Referendum of October 2007 has made president more strong and powerful and the president is elected directly by voting. The politics and government of Turkey is considered to be stable. Economic: Turkey has a GDP (2009 est.) of $608 billion and GDP per capita (2009 est.) of $8,456. Inflation rate (2009 November) is 5.53%. Turkey had exported (2009 September) of $73.1 billion which comprises of textiles apparel industry, machinery, electronics, motor vehicles etc. and imported (2009 September) worth $99.9 billion of petroleum, machinery, vehicles, electronics, iron, steel, plastic and precious metals. Turkeys economy is moving from agricultural industrial to large and globalised services sector. It has opened its economy in 1980s and also signed customs union agreement with the European Union in 1995, and Turkey is also working hard to get the membership in EU. Instead of economic downturn, high unemployment rate and high inflation during 1990s, in the year 2001 it started recovering faster since then with an average of 6% per year due to the help and support from IMF and The World Bank. Turkeys economy has already attracted $18.3 billion net FDIs in 2008. However there are several disputes with the investors regarding high taxation, it has a number of bilateral investment and tax treaties as well with many countries including the US, which has guaranteed free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double transaction. Socio-Cultural: Turkey has a population of 76.8 million. Turkish, Kurdish are the major ethnic groups of which 99% are Muslims and rest of them are Christian, Bahai and Jewish. People in Turkey speak Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian and Greek and has a work force of 24.4 million and 70% of the population live in urban areas of the country. Turkish law prohibits the labour of child under 15 years of age, however if they are 13 14 and are enrolled in school can do light and part time work. Technological: Turkey has various research institutions and organisation which are focused on RD along with many ancient Technical universities which is benefiting the country in advancement of technology such as telephone lines, mobile phones, radio stations, television stations and Internet. Turkey is famous for its telecommunication development. Possible Impact of the environmental factors PEST analysis reveals that there lie some similarities and some differences in each of the environmental factors of both the countries. We may examine that politically at the moment both Cambodia and Turkey have stable governments even if they had violence and disturbances in the political situation of the country in the past. Both the countries have maintained good relationship with the United States and have also invested a lot in both countries. Both have open economy allowing other nations to come and do business in their country using their available resources such as land labour etc. Having a stable and sound political environment is always a boon for both the host and the home nation for starting any business. Economic analysis reveals that Turkey is way ahead than Cambodia. GDP of Turkey is 60 times bigger than Cambodia, which means there is a sound economic environment for doing business. If we have a look on the exports and imports sector, Turkey is doing pretty good. From the apparel industrys point of view, in both the countries, Garment and Textile industries are flourishing since long time and have aided the economy of both the countries with positive effect. As we can see that the number of FDIs in Cambodia have increased very dramatically (12 fold since 2004) in very short time, it may be due to the reason Cambodia due has a very low cost labour. Also, Turkey has been able to attract a lot of FDIs in their country. Turkey has signed customs union with EU and also has bilateral treaties with US, it may help Apparel industry to have much competitive advantage. Having sound and stable economy is very much helpful for any business who wants to expand and in these criteria both countri es have 50-50 chances of selection. Socially and culturally, both the countries are very different. Cambodia is considered as a Buddhist country and Turkey has 99% population of Muslim religion. People in Turkey are much educated or have higher literacy rate than Cambodia. Technological environment has also got much difference in both the countries. Turkey in comparison to Cambodia is much advanced. In Cambodia, the FDIs which have started their operation are transferring their technological knowledge to the country, whereas Turkey has developed much in telecommunication and textile industry. Turkey used to import the textile machinery from Germany, but recently they have begun manufacturing on its own from small to medium sized companies involved in manufacturing. According to German Engineering Federation Textiles Machinery Association, German textile machinery exports had gone down by 62% in 2008 as compared with 2007. So, we can see the development in technology in Turkey is much more than Cambodia. Porters Diamond Theory: We can use the Diamond model of Michael Porter to assess the viability of both the countries. Classical theories of international trade and business propose that comparative advantage lie in the factor endowments that any country has got. Those factor endowments include, Land, Natural resources, labour and the size of local population. Porter argued that a nation creates new advanced factor endowments such as skilled labour, a strong technology and knowledge base, government support and the culture. Porters diamond model consists of four major aspects 1) Factor Conditions 2) Demand Conditions 3) Related and supporting Industries and 4) firms strategy, structure and rivalry which creates competitive advantage amongst the nations and now there are two additional variables 1) Government and 2) chance also influence the system. Factor of condition: It represents the position of factor of production, input which is necessary to compete in any industries, which are Land, Labour, Capital, Infrastructure, Natural resources etc. Appleyard and Field (2001) argue that all the classical theories in trade rest on the factors of production for example Adam Smiths absolute advantage, David Recardos Comparative advantage and Hechesher-Ohlin theorem etc. If we compare Cambodia and Turkey, Turkey has the competitive advantage over Cambodia due to these factors of productions discussed above. Turkey is a large country, have huge population, huge work force (unskilled and semiskilled), good infrastructure and more capital than Cambodia, so Turkey gains the high priority for any business willing to go global. Demand Condition: It represents the demand condition for the industrys products or services in the local and global market. As it is revealed through PEST analysis, that both the countries are doing pretty good in textile and garment industry, attracting and encouraging the investors to come and invest because there is a huge demand of this industry worldwide, because of the cheap labour in Cambodia and Location factor of Turkey. Both countries are different in creating demand conditions. Turkey has got huge potential than Cambodia. Related and Supporting industries: Third determinant of national advantage in an industry is to have suppliers and related industries which can give the industry a competitive advantage. If local supporting industries are competitive, any business can enjoy the cost effectiveness. Scanning both the countries, we can find out that, Cambodia has least supporting industries than of Turkey. Turkey is developing and has many textile machinery manufacturers currently, if business needs, they dont have to look outside the country and also they can save much cost over it which gives some competitive advantage of low cost leadership in comparison to the countries where businesses have to import the machinery at higher cost and taxes. Firms Strategy, Structure and Rivalry: As this factor clearly says that, strategy of businesses operating in the country, its structure and the rivalry or competition amongst them creates competitive advantage of the nation. While doing PEST, we saw the trend of FDIs going to both the country is very much increasing, hence, this factor is growing. Various international firms operating there are teaching the countries how they do business back home, which is adding something to the country. Both the countries are learning from the investors. The huge attraction in the garment, textile and apparel industry has also increased rivalry among the businesses, which is considered good because it increases pressure to improve and innovate on what they are doing, which helps nation to get advantage. We can find out that Turkey is dominant in this factor than Cambodia. Government and Chance: Chance events are developed in the period of time by new innovations, new technologies, positive political developments and shifts in foreign demand, where any nation can capitalise using this chance to get the competitive advantage amongst the nation. Government on the other hand is also equally important to be considered because it can improve or detract from the national advantage due to the policies which may influence (negative and positive) on each of the determinants of diamond model discussed above. In the case of Cambodia and Turkey, both the countrys government are interested in attracting more FDIs in their country and have opened their economy which we can see in the GDP growth rate of both countries reflect it and can compare the two nations which one is more attractive. Market entry mode for foreign business: Making decision of how to enter the market or the country for business is so crucial and can have significant impact on the business. There are various modes of entry into international marketing such as the Internet (use of internet or e-commerce), Exporting (direct sale of domestically produced goods), Contracting, Licensing, International Agents and Distributors (use of distributors for selling goods), Strategic Alliances (joining hand with the competitor), Joint Ventures, Mergers and Acquisitions, FDIs etc. Some of them are discussed below and we will examine which mode will be much suitable for our apparel industry to enter both Cambodia and Turkey. Licensing: This entry mode permits a company in the target company for using its technology, brand, expertise, where the organisation charges a fee or royalty for that use. Licensor has to invest very little, but it has got a huge potential of providing very large return on investment. Licensing includes franchising, turnkey contracts and contract manufacturing . We can have examples of franchising strategy applied McDonalds restaurant, Coffee Republic and Dominos Pizza entering into the target country. Joint Ventures: In this entry mode foreign business selects a local business and invests some shares in it. Doing so, both the firms share the risk and the rewards while doing business, their technology and the government regulations and other legal obligations imposed in the country. In some countries there is a legal requirement to have local partner to do business by any foreign company with limited number of shares. Foreign Direct Investment: In FDI, business has the direct ownership of facilities in the target country. They open wholly new subsidiary (Greenfield investment) or they can use Merger and Acquisition strategy. In this they have to transfer their resources such as capital, technology and the skilled personnel. In this kind of entry mode, business has a high degree of control in the operations. Best entry mode: Cambodia: As we did the PEST and Diamond analysis of the country, we can see various factors that may affect the operation of the business. Cambodian government are flexible enough to get the foreign business to come and start up a business and the foreign and local apparel and textile industry are also flourishing in the country due to the low cost labour available in the country. For Cambodia, we can have a licensing mode of entry; because there are still many things need to be improved in the country such as labour skills, government fiscal and monetary policy, infrastructure and technology. If the business adopts the licensing entry strategy, business will have less risk due to various factors like, language problem, exchange rate risk, labour obligations, and government regulations. Turkey: For Turkey, we can propose the FDI form of entry in the market. Instead of opening a wholly new subsidiary, company can think of acquiring or merging with the local firm already established and doing considerable business, which will help the company to gain the existing customers, market, talent of the company. As we have seen the trend of FDI going to Turkey, which has increased tremendously in the recent years, because of the less risk and the market is growing enormously in comparison to the neighbouring countries and the demand for apparels and textiles produced in Turkey is also quite high so the company will not have to invest much of their time to create the environment as it is already created. Government is also flexible enough for the FDIs and the political stability will help, pool of skilled labour availability will also help reducing cost of transferring the knowledge from US to Turkey where as it is quite high in case of Cambodia.

The consumer pull demand in packaged milk

The consumer pull demand in packaged milk As the topic of the research is The consumer pull demand in (Packaged milk) industry so it involves an in depth study about the nature of the consumer, taste the consumer likes, preferences of the consumer, brand loyalty and many other characteristics related to the consumer and as well as to the product. According to this research topic the most suitable research type suppose to be used is Descriptive Research. This will help to determine the target market and segmentation done in the beverages (packaged milk) industry. Descriptive research is most commonly used and the basic reason for carrying out descriptive research is to identify the cause of something that is happening. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exist with respect to variable or condition in a situation The descriptive research will further help to conduct descriptive surveys to identify the characteristics of consumers who purchase soft drinks, for example mostly consumers tend to live in larger cities; buyers are mostly youngsters, housewives, working people and so on; it will help to determine the market potential; it will help to identify the extent of differences in the needs, perceptions and attitudes of the subgroups. 3.2 Research Hypothesis The following hypothesis will be formulated and tested by the researcher. Ho: The impact of advertising will not effect on consumer demand. H1: The impact of advertising will effect on consumer demand. Ho: Consumer preferences will not be checked about the type of milk they buy. H1: Consumer preferences will be checked about the type of milk they buy. Ho: The reason why customers will not discriminate among different brands H1: The reason why customers will discriminate among different brands. Ho: Extent of competitive forces in the market will not be checked. H1: Extent of competitive forces in the market will be checked. Ho: To analyze the consumer trends not in the market. H1: To analyze the consumer trends in the market. Ho: To monitor the extent to which consumer demand will not be affected by core features of product. H1: To monitor the extent to which consumer demand will be affected by core features of product. 3.4 Theoretical Framework Diagram The theoretical framework has been made with the help of the variables which are related to the consumer pull demand in beverages (soft drinks) industry. With the help of the variables it becomes easy to the study about the relationship between different factors affecting the consumer pull demand. PRICING Market skimming Market penetration Target market Brand image Product Diversity Brand Consumer Choice Convenience Attraction Brand Image Sales External Factors Social Cultural Economic Legal Religious Government Packaging Brand image Eye catching packaging Usage status Advertising Consumer perception Consumer preferences Brand image CONSUMER PULL CONSUMER PULL Distribution Availability Need satisfying Brand image Consumer Buying Power High household income. More than one earning member. Brand image. 3.4.1 Variable Reference List Dependent Variable Consumer pull demand Independent Variable Market stage Distribution Advertising Pricing. Product diversity. Packaging Consumer Buying Power Selective Distribution Core Product Need Satisfying Availability Consumer Perception Consumer Preference Market Penetration Marketing Skimming Target Market Demand Usage Status Brand Image Eye-catching Packaging. External Factors. Product diversity. 3.4.2 Theoretical Justifications of Variables In the framework each variable is related to the consumer pull demand and they show that how each of them affects consumer pull demand in the beverages (milk industry) industry. The variable used market stage effects the sales of milk (packaged milk) industry. Market stage helps to determine the market situation and consumer behaviors according to the changes in the market situations. Market stage includes to determine market life cycle, consumer behavior, product demand which includes that whether the demand is inelastic or elastic and these all end up to see the sales of the soft drinks industry. After doing survey on these all components of the market stage the sales can be maximized. The second variable used in the theoretical framework is distribution this also helps in maximizing the sales in the packaged milk industry. Its very important to make the product available to all the locations so that consumers may feel ease in buying the product. Distribution helps to make the product available and convenient. Distribution also includes giving the time and place advantages to the consumers so that they are able to purchase the product because through all these ways product will be placed at every shop and consumers will have a good image about the product. This will help to increase the sales of the packaged milk. Packaging is a very important aspect in increasing the sales of a product. The packaging of the packaged milk will help the company to gain brand visual and brand identity. For positioning a product good packaging is very essential. Packaging helps to attract the consumers towards the product and from packaging. The product is differentiated from other products. So packaging is considered to be an important element for increasing the sales in soft drinks industry. Advertising is also an important element for increasing the sales of a product. Advertising can be done above the line (ATL) and below the line (BTL). Advertising can also be done through mediums such as television, radio, banners, billboards and newspapers. Advertising helps the product in gaining popularity. This will help to increase the sales. Pricing also helps for the success of the product. Pricing includes the strategies such as market skimming and market penetration. With the help of pricing it becomes easy to identify the target market and by this company can offer the prices which consumers are ready to pay. If the consumer finds the product reasonable so this is positive for the sales of the product. Product diversity plays an important role for gaining the increasing trend in the sales. Product diversity creates brand consumer choice and brand image, it also makes the consumers to get attracted towards the product. Consumers get variety in products so they dont get bore and they keep of buying new variety of products. External factors also increase the sales of the product. External factors include study on demographics, economic conditions, competition, social and cultural forces, technology and lastly the political and legal forces. In marketing external factors have a major influence on products marketing opportunities and activities. So the study of all related factors helps in increasing the sales in the soft drinks industry. 3.5.1 Examples The questions to be asked from the respondents would be based on their liking and what factors make them to buy their referred milk brand. Q1. Do you use packaged milk or loose milk? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª If yes then why à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ªIf no then why - Q2. Which milk brand do you use? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ªOlpers à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Good milk à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Nestle Milk Pak à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Haleeb à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª other please specify - Q.3. which packaged milk do you prefer but unable to purchase due to other factors like expensive, health issues etc? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ªOlpers à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Good milk à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Nestle Milk Pak à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Haleeb à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª other please specify - Q.4. you use packaged milk for which purpose? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Strong bones à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Calcium à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Diet conscious à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Other Q.5. you prefer to buy your particular milk brand forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Disposal packaging à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Expensive packaging à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Attractive packaging à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Health hazards issues à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª other please specify - Q.6. How often do you buy milk? à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Daily à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Bulk buying à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Weekly à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ª Monthly 3.5.2 Population, Working population and Planned sample The population of whole Pakistan is targeted for this survey. Working population is Punjab and planned sample is Lahore. The survey is limited to Punjab and further its restricted to the city Lahore due to the time constraints. As study is confined to Lahore only, therefore, the results may not be generalized well in other cities. 3.5.3 Sample Size Consideration For this study questionnaire will be made to be filled by a total of 100 consumers, living in different locations in Lahore. 3.5.4 Choice of Sampling Technique This is cross sectional study, which will be conducted in a natural setting and it will be covering both descriptive research and as well as causal. It will be based on primary and secondary research. The level of investigation in this study will be focused on the collection of data about consumer preferences in packaged milk industry. In this research the sampling technique used will be probability. And further under probability the technique used will be convenience sampling technique. Convenience sampling is useful in obtaining large number of completed questionnaire quickly and economically and large number of respondents can be obtained quickly. 3.5.5 Field work and Respondents profile This is cross sectional study, which will be conducted in a natural setting and it will be covering both descriptive research and as well as causal. It will be based on primary and secondary research. The level of investigation in this study will be focused on the collection of data about consumer preferences in beverages (soft drinks) industry. The relevant data will be collected through a survey. For this purpose a questionnaire will be designed and distributed among consumers. The questionnaire will include information regarding consumers personal preference, brand loyalty, taste preferences and other factors that attract the consumer. The target population will comprise of both male and female customers but mainly targeted to household wives because they better understand the values and needs of their household members, specially children and youngsters and by making their choice a preference they can judge more easily what they actually want. Consumption of milk is common in every age. For this study the target population will comprise consumers living in different areas of Lahore Chapter 4: Estimates, Analysis and Conclusion 4.1 Estimated Results Hypothesis Ho: The impact of advertising will not effect on consumer demand. H1: The impact of advertising will effect on consumer demand. Analysis From my findings and analysis from questionnaire and pilot study it is estimated that advertising will not affect the consumer demand so, Ho is accepted. 4.2 Analysis of Findings The ratio I found from my analysis is that the maximum age group ranges from 18-25 and 25-35, means that mostly the age group is young and can analyze the factors which can affect the consumer demands. Percentage of age group (35-45) is 22.3%, which is somewhat lower than the age group ranges from 18-35. Age group of 45-55 has a percentage of 8.0%. For above 55 percentage was 5.45 which was comparatively lower than the previous ones. Monthly income of household ranges till 30%, Mostly consumers has a monthly income above 50,000. And then percentage for income 25000-50,000 is 23.3%, for 10,000-25000 consumers percentage was 16.1% which was relatively lower than the30%. Valid percentage I found is 30.4% which for the income group of above 50,000.When I analyzed the occupation for consumers the result collected are that students has a frequency of 15 and their percentage is 15.0% of 100. House wives was the major target market for me so it has a frequency of 60 and percentage I found ou t is 53.6%, and valid percentage for house wives is 60.0, and most of the consumers were self employed the percentage for self employed consumers is 18.8% and their frequency is 21. Another ratio is 3.6% which is for businessman out of 100.and the valid percentage is for housewives which is 60.Percentage for male is 26.8% and frequency is 31. As questionnaire was designed mainly to target the housewives because preference for packaged milk was required, so they have a percentage of 61.6% ad frequency for female is 69.Marital status for married men and women is 59.8% with a frequency of 67, whereas for unmarried it was 29.5% with a frequency of 33.When consumers were asked that either they used packaged milk or loose milk or both the greater percentage is for both, packaged milk and loose milk as well, packaged milk has a percentage of 42.9% and that for both the percentage it is 46.4%.and there is a very small percentage for only loose milk. Consumers prefer to use both packaged mil k and loose milk for different purpose and in different ways.For a milk brand consumers has a higher percentage of 33.9 for Nestle milk pack with a frequency of 38 which is higher than olpers which has a frequency of 28 with a percentage of 25.0% which means that consumers are still loyal to their particular milk brand they try a new product for once but as their taste is developed through out so they are satisfied with their particular milk brand, whereas Haleeb has a percentage of 16.1, Good milk has comparatively lower percentage of 2.7 and consumers has other preferences as well such as flavored milk other than plain milk , they have different choices for milk . Percentage for other milk is 10.7% which includes Nurpur, Nesvita , Nirala and Dairy Queen and flavored milk as well. Higher percentage for Nestle Milk pack shows that still after facing a very tough competition in market with Oplers Haleeb and other competitors Nestle Milk Pack still has its own stand in the market and consumers still prefer Nestle Milk Pack. After analyzing almost 37.5% of the consumers prefer to buy Nesvita, Dairy Queen, Nurpur and Nirala if they are unable to purchase their particular milk brand due to health hazards issues and expensiveness. Although 25 consumers prefer to buy Olpers, and 11.6 % from them has a preference of Good milk whereas Haleeb has a percentage of 10.7 as compare to other brands. Almost 28.6% of the consumers buy their particular Milk Brand for Stronger bones and 33 of them buy for the purpose of calcium which can make your bones and body strong and fit, 17 of them were diet conscious. Consumer prefer their particular milk brand for health hazards issues with a frequency of 48, to avoid bacterial effects which are included in loose milk, 8.9% of consumers prefer their milk brand for attractive packaging which attract them through TVC, Billboards, adds in news paper etc. although 4.5% of them are status conscious and they buy their particular milk brand fo r Expensive packaging. Almost 69.6% of the consumers would buy their particular brand if their brand is changed into uncommon shape and with new features etc, and 18 of them with a percentage of 16.1 would not like to buy it. There are consumers who strongly agree that demand of their particular milk brand is affected by the price cut and their percentage is 14.3 with a frequency of 16.and 47 of them agree with this statement, whereas 34 of them are neutral about their decision whether the demand of milk brand is affected by the price cut or not, 34 consumers agree that their demand of buying a particular milk brand is affected by advertisement, and 64 of them does not agree. Although advertisement of a milk brand is very important for promotion and convincing consumers and giving awareness about their brand, through advertisement consumers can make the mind of consumers to buy their brand, 41 consumers are brand loyal thats why they buy their particular milk brand with a percentage of 36.6, and 23.2% are attracted towards advertisement for the brand and they buy their particular milk brand by watching TV commercials and through different mediums. Consumers are also attracted towards a milk brand for their packaging and their percentage is 24.1. Consumers ranked their quality of milk brand with a percentage of 61.6 and frequency for average is 7.this means that they are satisfied with their milk brand. And for packaging consumers also have a high percentage of 36.6. For pricing consumer has a preference 34.8 being the highest and 7.1 as satisfactory. Availability of their particular milk brand is good as highest percentage is 42.0. While buying milk 52.7 give preference to whiteness of milk, 38.4% gives preference to thickness, where as 50.0% prefer taste of their milk brand before buying and 46.6% of consumers prefer to buy a milk brand which is easy to use. Most of the consumers buy milk daily as their percentage is 51.8 with a frequency of 58. Whereas 24.1% of them do bulk buying, and 15 consumers consume milk weekly .Preference of household member is calculated which is 48 those who frequently ask and 25.9% ask their household member rarely before buying a particular milk and 17.9% of them never asked before buying a milk brand, reason being that mostly questioners were filled by the housewives and they are aware of choice and preference of their household members. Highest percentage of consuming milk is 1 liter and consumption for more than  ½ and 1 liter is 50.9%.and consumers like to buy a milk brand from any well reputed departmental store and 36.6% of them buy their milk brand from near by shop. After analyzing packaged milk there are consumers those who use loose milk and they use loose milk for various purposes like tea, desert, drinking etc with a percentage of 25.9. Consumers those who loose milk over packaged milk has an issue of price as their percentage is 28.6, because price of loose milk is comparatively lower than th e packaged milk. And most of them use loose milk for availability purpose as well with a frequency of 14. 4.4 Limitation of the Study The study is limited by the following factors: The study is confined to Lahore only. Therefore, the results may not be generalized well in other cities. There are many other variables which affect consumer pull demand but will not be considered in this study. It is difficult to determine the precise sample size. The consumers may vary in their interpretation of question 4.5 Conclusion People consume milk in fresh dried and concentrated forms; in grocery stores most commonly sold product to consumers is liquid milk. All types of milk (pasteurized, sterilized, UHT, Packaged) or in bulk are required in a country or locality. New packaging system of milk is a popular and for practical purposes packaged milk powders. From my analysis and finings of questionnaire, pilot study and regression analysis I found out that 58.0% consumer consume milk, and widely used packaged milk is Nestle Milk Pack with a percentage of 33.9. People have different preferences and tastes and they consume milk according to them, consumers also use flavored milk for e.g. chocolate milk, Pakola etc but their percentage is low as compare to plain liquid milk. People living in well developed and posh areas of Lahore like Defence and Gulberg have more preferences of taking packaged milk, while people with lower income bracket prefer to take milk from milk-man. Biggest reason what I find is the exten t and the level of prevailing competitiveness in the milk industry. The marketing plans are of key importance in this regard. Consumers are attracted more to the good that is marketed well. There are many advantages of packaged milk, delicious, hygienic, Status symbol and prevailing prices are justified. Milk is one of the essential diets for every age, it helps building strong bones, and milk is loaded with eight essential vitamins and minerals which are very important and plays a vital role in a human body, and percentage of consumers those who buy milk for health hazards issues are 42.9, and 29.5% of consumers buy milk for disposal packaging, this shows that consumers are quite conscious about their health issues and at the same time they prefer to buy milk which can help them preventing from bacterial affects like cholera, malaria and Diarrhea etc. price but is not affected for consumers because they have to drink milk, and if prices are increased people cannot stop drinking mil k but they adjust accordingly. Although advertising do matters for consumers to know more about their product, and children are attracted towards the jingle that now-a days milk brands are using in their advertisements, because children are more attracted towards packaged milk than loose milk reason being the taste of the packaged milk is more tastier than loose milk packaged milk is healthy, and has no bacterial affects as compare to loose milk. References: Attitude and Usage Trend Study (AUTS). Chocolate Milk. Beverage Usage Attitudes among Consumers. May 2001. International Dairy Foods Association. Milk Facts. 2000 Edition. Washington, D.C.: International Dairy Foods Association. November 2000, p. 34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Part 131 (Milk and cream), Subpart B (Requirements for Specific Standardized Milk and Cream). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Revised as of April 1, 2000. Childrens Chocolate Milk Survey. Prepared for National Dairy Council by McDonald Research, Inc. May 1998. Tomashek, K.M., S. Nesby, K.S. Scanlon, et. al. Commentary: nutritional rickets in Georgia. Pediatrics 107(4), April 2001. e45. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/107/4 Kreiter, S.R., R.P. Schwartz, H.N. Kirkman, Jr., P.A. Charlton, A.S. Calikoglu, and M.L. Davenport. Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants. J. Pediatr. 137: 153-157, 2000. Guthrie, H.A. Effect of a flavored milk option on a school lunch program. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 71: 35-40, 1997. Anderson, G.H. Sugars and health: a review. Nutr. Res. 17(9): 1485-1498, 1997. The American Dietetic Association. Position of The American Dietetic Association: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 98: 580-587, 1998. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 5th edition. Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2000. Guthrie, J.F., and J. F. Morton. Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100: 43-51, 2000. Washington State Dairy Council 1998, Revised National Dairy Council 2001. Think Your Drink. 2001. National Dairy Council. A protective effect of dairy foods in oral health. Dairy Council Digest 71(1): 1-6, 2000. http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/ NationalDairyCouncil/ Gibson, S., and S. Williams. Dental caries in pre-school children: associations with social class, toothbrushing habit, and consumption of sugars and sugar-containing foods. Caries Res. 33: 101-113, 1999. Bowen, W.H., and S.K. Pearson. Effect of milk on carcinogenesis. Caries Res. 27: 461-466, 1993. Dehkordi, N., D.R. Rao, A.P. Warren, and C.B. Chawan. Lactose malabsorption as influenced by chocolate milk, skim milk, sucrose, whole milk, and lactic cultures. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 95: 484-486, 1995 Andrew. M. Novakovic.(1995) Testimony of Fedral Dairy Policy, Cornell University Syracuse New York. Anthony Bennett, Frederic Lhoste, Jay crook and Joe Phetan.(2005) The Future of Small scale Dairying. David Zahn, LLC Windsor Road. E, North Heaven CT. Diana Beccue Brown, (1987) Consumer in Search of Value. FAO (1996) Milk and Milk products Marketing Milk Processing. Narvasana. Lewis. H. Haney, (1920). Integration in Marketing. Vol 10.No 3. (sep,1920),pp.528-545

Development of the Artificial Heart :: Medical Science Technology Health Essays

Development of the Artificial Heart Actual belief in the possibility of technology being used to create an artificial heart began in the 1950’s, soon after the successful implementation of a dialysis machine. With the ability to put a man on the moon, there was an general feeling that anything was possible. Thus, in 1964 the United States Government put $581,000 towards the establishment of a research program to develop a total artificial heart (TAH). (Caplan pg.30). The first viable mechanical heart was the Jarvik-7, which could keep animals alive for eight months. (Caplan pg.34). After much persuasion the FDA approved the implantation of the Jarvik-7 into human test subjects suffering from terminal heart disease. The first recipient of the Jarvik-7 was Barney Clark, on December 1, 1982. He survived on the mechanical heart for 112 days. However, during that time he suffered severe medical complications. He underwent three additional surgeries, on several occasions asked that the heart be deactivated, and went into a coma before finally dying. (Caplan pg.35). The second patient, William Schroeder, who received a Jarvik-7 on November 25, 1984, survived for 620 days before dying. He too was plagued by medical complications throughout those 620 days. On the nineteenth day he suffered a stroke and again, on the 94th day. From the 150th day onward he had subacute bacterial endocarditis. He suffered two more strokes, on day 163 and 352. A liver biopsy on the 444th day showed microabscesses. On the 590th day he was given a feeding gastrostomy, and a tracheostomy followed on day 612. Finally he died of respiratory failure, and sepsis. (Fox pg.126). After a few more trial implantations, which all followed same downhill course, the FDA withdrew the permission to implant any more TAH’s. From this point onward the research focused more on devices to assist the heart, rather than replace it. These devices were designed to take some of the stress off of the left ventricle of the heart, and were termed left ventricular assist devices or LVAD’s. The use of LVAD’s became more common throughout the 1990’s as a method of either resting the heart so that it could recuperate and continue on its own or prolonging the heart’s life until a donor heart became available.

The Job that Changed My Life :: Personal Narrative essay about myself

The Job that Changed My Life    My grandfather was a police officer when he was younger; he would tell us stories of he and his buddies on motorcycle patrol and the life of a cop. The stories that he told were so interesting, that ever since, I wanted to have a career in law enforcement. After I graduated from high school, I enrolled in the law enforcement program at Spokane Community College where I planned to fulfill my dream of becoming a cop. I started the law enforcement classes at the college and came to the conclusion that law enforcement was not the career for me.    It takes a special breed of person to be in the law enforcement/corrections field, a person who can withstand the stress and unhealthy surroundings that come with the work. Before you go out and do something that is as drastic and life changing as a career choice, you need to know what your getting your self into, so do your research and make sure that is what you want.    The corrections program was similar to law enforcement, so I switched to the correction alternative because I still wanted to be associated with law enforcement. I was hired on at a juvenile detention center as a juvenile correction officer. I thought that this was my opportunity to do something to help these kids, don't get me wrong I did not think I could help or save the world, I just thought I would or could make a difference in one life that it was all worth the hassle. Well I was wrong, my first day of on the job training we had to restrain a kid who was out of control, it only got worse from there on. It seemed like an everyday occurrence in this place; the kids were ok most of the time, but it only took one kid in a bad mood to set the other 40 kids off then it turns into a big problem.    This job was physically and mentally demanding of my energy. I worked anywhere from ten to thirteen hour days; my stress level sky rocketed, and my school work started to suffer, eventually I dropped out of school because I was miserable at this job; the stress was so high; I had major mood swings, and I did not know what to do.